Got the table of standards from Webopedia on Feb-7-2005.

Ethernet Designations

IEEE 802.3 specifies a series of standards for telecommunication technology over Ethernet local-area networks. The following chart details the different Ethernet flavors and how they differ from one another.

Designation Description

10Base-2 10 Mbps baseband Ethernet over coaxial cable with a maximum distance of 185 meters. Also referred to as Thin Ethernet or Thinnet or Thinwire.

10Base-5 10 Mbps baseband Ethernet over coaxial cable with a maximum distance of 500 meters. Also referred to as Thick Ethernet or Thicknet or Thickwire.

10Base-36 10 Mbps baseband Ethernet over multi-channel coaxial cable with a maximum distance of 3,600 meters.

10Base-F 10 Mbps baseband Ethernet over optical fiber.

10Base-FB 10 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two multi-mode optical fibers using a synchronous active hub.

10Base-FL 10 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two optical fibers and can include an optional asynchronous hub.

10Base-FP 10 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two optical fibers using a passive hub to connect communication devices.

10Base-T 10 Mbps baseband Ethernet over twisted pair cables with a maximum length of 100 meters.

10Broad-36 10 Mbps baseband Ethernet over three channels of a cable television system with a maximum cable length of 3,600 meters.

100Base-FX 100 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two multimode optical fibers.
62.5/125 micron multimode fiber
up to 412 meters
ST and SC connectors
802.3u

100Base-T 100 Mbps baseband Ethernet over twisted pair cable.

100Base-T2 100 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two pairs of Category 3 or higher unshielded twisted pair cable.

100Base-T4 100 Mbps baseband Ethernet over four pairs of Category 3 or higher unshielded twisted pair cable.

100Base-TX 100 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two pairs of shielded twisted pair or Category 4 twisted pair cable.
100 meters
802.3u

100Base-X A generic name for 100 Mbps Ethernet systems.

10Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet at 10 billion bits per second over optical fiber. Multimode fiber supports distances up to 300 meters; single mode fiber supports distances up to 40 kilometers.

1000Base-CX 1000 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two pairs of 150 shielded twisted pair cable.
25 meters
9-pin HSSDC connector
802.3z

1000Base-SX 1000 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two multimode optical fibers using shortwave laser optics.
850 nanometer laser over MMF
62.5 micron - 220 meters
50 micron - 550 meters

1000Base-LX 1000 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two multimode or single-mode optical fibers using longwave laser optics.
1300 nm laser, 9 micron SMF
3km-10km
Cisco says 550m for MMF, 5km for SMF

1000Base-ZX 1000 Mbps baseband Ethernet over SMF (Cisco Proprietary
up to 70km

1000Base-T 1000 Mbps baseband Ethernet over four pairs of Category 5 unshielded twisted pair cable.
100 meters
802.3ab

1000Base-X A generic name for 1000 Mbps Ethernet systems.

10GBase-T (802.3an-2006) describes a physical layer (PHY) transmission device for 10Gbps Ethernet over twisted-pair copper. Up yo 100m distance.

10GBase-SR (part of 802.3ae)
850nm MMF
2-300 meters depening on size and quality of fiber

10GBase-LR (part of 802.3ae)
1310 nm SMF
2m-10km depending on size and quality of fiber

10GBase-ER (part of 802.3ae)
1510 nm SMF
2m-10km depending on size and quality of fiber

10GBase-SW (part of 802.3ae)
850nm MMF
2-300 meters depening on size and quality of fiber
designed to support SONET

10GBase-LW (part of 802.3ae)
1310 nm SMF
2m-10km depending on size and quality of fiber
designed to support SONET

10GBase-EW (part of 802.3ae)
1510 nm SMF
2m-10km depending on size and quality of fiber
designed to support SONET

40/100Gb/s 802.3ba
The following is taken from wikipedia on 21-Jun-2010

PHY 40 Gigabit Ethernet 100 Gigabit Ethernet

at least 1 m over a backplane 40GBASE-KR4

at least 10 m over copper cable 40GBASE-CR4 100GBASE-CR10

at least 100 m over OM3 MMF 40GBASE-SR4 100GBASE-SR10 (Cisco says 125m)

at least 125 m over OM4 MMF 40GBASE-SR4 100GBASE-SR10

at least 10 km over SMF 40GBASE-LR4 100GBASE-LR4

at least 40 km over SMF 100GBASE-ER4

802.3af Power over ethernet

802.3az Energy Efficient Ethernet

For more information, visit the IEEE Standards Association home page.

CSMA/CD - Carrier Sense Multiple Access w/ Collision Detect

Sending

Is cable busy?
When no - begin transmitting frames.
If collision occured,
- transmit jam,
- increment transmit attempts,
- if not too many transmit attempts,
  - wait random time period,
  - if cable not busy, start transmitting frames again.

Ethernet frame format

Preamble	Destination	Source	Type	Data	FCS
8	6	6	2	46-1500	4
	64-1518

Preamble is 1010...pattern ending with 10101011. Allows for synchronization.
IP type is 0x0800.

802.3 Ethernet MAC frame format

Preamble	SFD	Destination	Source	Length/Type	Data	FCS
7	1	6	6	2	46-1500	4

SFD (Start Frame Delimiter) is 10101011.
Data Unit has:

DSAP SSAP Control Higher Layer Info

1 1 1 or 2 42-1497

802.2 LLC

Tagged 802.3 Ethernet MAC frame format
Add Tag Control Info after Length/Type field. Supports 802.1Q.

Preamble	SFD	Destination	Source	Length/Type	Tag Control Info	Data	FCS
7	1	6	6	2	2	2	46-1500	4

Length/Type is 0x8100.
Tag Control info is

user priority CFI VLAN ID

3 1 12
- User priority field used for 802.1Q QoS.
- CFI - Canonical Form Indicator indicates that the MAC address is in Canonical Form. If set, Least Significant bit in the Address is just that. If not, the order is reversed.
- VLAN ID can be 0-4095.

DSAP	SSAP	Control	Higher Layer Info
1	1	1 or 2	42-1497
802.2 LLC

user priority	CFI	VLAN ID
3	1	12